In the following an overview of the existing PALM-4U components is given. The PALM-4U components are have been and will be further developed by a consortium of institutions within the framework of the funding programme " - Urban climate under change", funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF). User-friendly graphical user interface (GUI).Analysis tools and direct output of biometeorological quantities.A multi-agent system for urban residents, allowing for biometeorological studies and escape scenarios.Chemistry module for the transport and conversion of reactive species.Radiative transfer within the urban canopy layer, including shadowing effects and multiple reflections between urban structures.Indoor climate module, predicting indoor temperature, energy demand, and waste heat.
Wall material model for heat transfer between atmosphere and buildings.Energy balance solvers for building and paved surfaces.Model self-nesting that allows to increase either model domain size or to focus on near-surface processes.Quasi-automatic external forcing by COSMO-DE model data.A Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) type turbulence parameterization can be used instead of LES to reduce computational costs.Per definition, starting from PALM version 5.0, the user runs PALM-4U as soon as buildings are placed within the model domain and at least one of the following PALM-4U components is used: PALM-4U components are thus also available in PALM and might be used without being limited to urban area applications. PALM-4U components are shipped with PALM and are available after installation of PALM. However, from a technical point of view, PALM-4U are special components that have been developed to suit the needs of modern academic urban boundary layer research and practical city planning related to the urban microclimate and climate change. PALM-4U is frequently referred to as a separate model for the simulation of urban atmospheric boundary layers.
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